BibleWordBridge

Grammar guide (Greek)

Every Greek word card shows one plain-English grammar line, e.g. aorist · passive · indicative · you (plural). Tap “more about this form” for each part explained, with the raw code to check.

These labels are STEPBible's tagging of each word (CC BY 4.0). Some Greek forms could be tagged more than one way; the label shows STEPBible's choice. Grammar narrows the meaning; it rarely settles a doctrine by itself.

How to read a code: V-API-2P = Verb – Aorist tense, Passive voice, Indicative mood – 2nd person Plural. N-GSF = Noun – Genitive case, Singular, Feminine. Participles end in case-number-gender (V-PAP-NSM).

Tense (kind of action)

In Greek, “tense” is mainly about how the action is pictured (ongoing, whole, completed-with-result); only in statements (indicative) does it usually also point to past, present or future time.

present P

Present: the action is pictured as going on – in progress, repeated or habitual ('is doing', 'keeps doing'). In statements (indicative) it usually refers to present time; in commands, participles, infinitives and 'may/might' forms it describes the KIND of action (ongoing) more than its time. The form alone does not say the action never stops.

imperfect I

Imperfect: action pictured as going on in the past – 'was doing', 'kept doing', 'used to do', or sometimes 'began to do' or 'tried to do'. Found only in statements (indicative).

future F

Future: something presented as going to happen ('will do'). It is sometimes used for a command or a strong promise ('you shall …'); context decides.

aorist A

Aorist: the action is viewed as a whole, as a single complete event, without describing how long it lasted or whether it was repeated. In statements (indicative) it usually refers to the past ('did', 'was done'); in commands, participles, infinitives and 'may/might' forms it describes the KIND of action, not its time. It does NOT by itself mean 'once for all' or 'instant' – that needs other words or context.

perfect R

Perfect: an action completed in the past whose result (or state) still stands ('has been written – and it stays written'). Scholars describe it in slightly different ways (completed action with continuing result, or a state), but agree on this practical sense. It says the result continues at the time of speaking; it does not by itself say for how long after.

pluperfect L

Pluperfect: an action completed before some point in the past, with its result standing at that past point ('had built', 'had been founded'). Rare in the New Testament.

“2nd” aorist / perfect …

'2nd' (as in '2nd aorist') only describes how the verb is spelled (a different way of forming the stem). It does not change the meaning.

Voice (who does what)

active A

Active: the subject does the action ('he loved').

middle M

Middle: the subject acts and is in some way involved in or affected by its own action – doing something for itself, to itself, or with personal interest. English has no exact equivalent, so translations often just use an ordinary active verb. Context decides the exact shade; the form alone does not.

passive P

Passive: the subject receives the action – it is done to them ('you were severed', 'he was raised'). The form does not say WHO did it; sometimes the text names the doer, sometimes it does not.

middle or passive E

Middle or passive: in this tense Greek uses one and the same form for both. So the form allows either 'the subject does it for/to itself' (middle) or 'it is done to the subject' (passive). STEPBible marks it as either; translations have to choose from context, and they sometimes differ.

middle (deponent) D

Middle deponent: STEPBible's label for a verb that only appears in middle form but is normally translated with an ordinary active English verb (e.g. 'come', 'answer'). Many current grammarians question the term 'deponent' and say these are true middle verbs with self-involvement built in; either way the English is usually active.

passive (deponent) O

Passive deponent: STEPBible's label for a verb that appears in passive form but is normally translated with an ordinary active English verb (e.g. 'he answered'). As with 'middle deponent', some grammarians prefer to call these middle verbs; the form alone does not prove the subject was acted on.

middle or passive (deponent) N

Middle or passive deponent: the form could be middle or passive (they look the same here), and the verb is normally translated with an ordinary active English verb (e.g. 'he is going', 'she is able').

Mood (how it is presented)

indicative I

Indicative: the speaker presents something as real – a plain statement or a direct question ('he loved', 'did you receive?'). It shows how the speaker presents it, not a separate guarantee that it is true (a false claim is also indicative). Tense refers to time mainly in this mood.

subjunctive S

Subjunctive: something possible, intended or not yet real – common after 'so that', 'if' (ean), 'whoever', and in 'let us …'. It does not by itself mean the thing is doubtful; with 'if' it can describe a real, expected case ('if we confess …'). Context decides.

imperative M

Imperative: a command, instruction or request ('do this!', 'let him …'). A prayer to God can use it too ('give us …'), where it is a request, not an order.

optative O

Optative: a wish or a remote possibility ('may it be', 'may it never be!', 'what would this be?'). Rare in the New Testament.

infinitive N

Infinitive: the 'to …' form of a verb ('to believe', 'to test'). It has tense and voice but no person. With the article and/or a preposition before it, it often expresses purpose or result ('so that you may test'); the form allows several such uses, so context decides.

participle P

Participle: a verb-adjective – an '-ing' or 'having …' form that still carries tense and voice but takes case, number and gender like an adjective. It can describe a noun ('the believing one'), stand for a person ('the one who believes'), or add detail to the main verb (when, because, although, while, by …). The code says it is a participle; which of these jobs it does here is decided by context (for example, an article right before it usually means 'the one who …').

Tense + mood together

Person & number

1st person

1st person: the speaker – 'I' (singular) or 'we' (plural). In a verb this is built into the ending, so Greek often has no separate word for 'I' or 'we'.

2nd person

2nd person: the one(s) spoken to – 'you'. Greek, unlike modern English, shows whether 'you' is one person or several.

3rd person

3rd person: someone or something spoken about – 'he', 'she', 'it' or 'they'. The ending does not show which of he/she/it; context (or a named subject) does. In a command it means 'let him/her/them …'.

singular S

Singular: one person or thing.

plural P

Plural: more than one. With 'you', plural means 'you all' – several people are addressed (e.g. a whole church).

Case (the job a noun does)

nominative N

Nominative: usually the subject – who or what does the action, or is being described (in 'God loved the world', 'God' is the subject). Also used for titles and names standing alone.

genitive G

Genitive: usually translated 'of' – belonging, source, description, separation ('from'), or the one acting or acted on ('love of God' can mean God's love or love for God). The form allows several of these; the case alone often does not settle which, so translations can differ.

dative D

Dative: usually 'to', 'for', 'by', 'with' or 'in' – the one receiving something, the one who benefits, the means or the place/time. Which of these fits is decided by context and any preposition before it.

accusative A

Accusative: usually the direct object – who or what the action is done to (in 'God loved the world', 'the world' is the object). After some prepositions it shows direction ('into', 'toward'). It is also used for the subject of an infinitive.

vocative V

Vocative: someone being spoken to directly ('Lord!', 'brothers', 'O foolish Galatians!').

Gender (grammatical)

masculine M

Masculine: grammatical gender. It makes words agree with each other; it does not by itself mean male (e.g. 'word', 'world' are masculine in Greek). For a person, a masculine plural can include men and women.

feminine F

Feminine: grammatical gender. It makes words agree with each other; it does not by itself mean female (e.g. 'grace', 'faith', 'sin' are feminine in Greek).

neuter N

Neuter: grammatical gender, often used for things, ideas or summaries ('this', 'the good'). A neuter word can still refer to people (e.g. 'child').

Word types

verb V

A verb: a word for doing, happening or being. Greek packs tense, voice, mood and (often) the subject into the ending of the verb itself.

noun N

A noun: a name for a person, place, thing or idea. Its ending (case) shows the job it does in the sentence.

adjective A

An adjective: a describing word. It takes the same case, number and gender as the word it describes, which is how a reader of Greek knows which word it goes with. It can also stand alone as a noun ('the good', 'the holy ones').

article ('the') T

The Greek article, usually translated 'the'. It does not line up exactly with English 'the': Greek sometimes uses it where English would not (e.g. before names or abstract words) and sometimes leaves it out where English needs 'the'. It also often turns a following word or phrase into a noun ('the one who …'). Its case, number and gender match the word it belongs to.

personal pronoun P

A personal pronoun: I, you, he, she, it, we, they (and me, him, us, them, etc.). The case shows its job (subject, object, 'of', 'to').

relative pronoun R

A relative pronoun: 'who', 'which', 'that', linking a description back to someone or something already mentioned. Its gender and number usually match that earlier word; its case shows its job inside its own clause.

reciprocal pronoun C

A reciprocal pronoun: 'one another', 'each other'.

demonstrative pronoun D

A demonstrative: 'this', 'that', 'these', 'those' – pointing to someone or something. It can stand alone ('this one') or go with a noun ('this age').

correlative pronoun K

A correlative pronoun: words like 'such', 'so great', 'as many as' that compare or match one thing with another.

interrogative pronoun I

An interrogative pronoun: 'who?', 'what?', 'which?', 'why?' – used to ask a question.

indefinite pronoun X

An indefinite pronoun: 'someone', 'anyone', 'something', 'a certain …'.

correlative or interrogative pronoun Q

A pronoun that can either ask ('what sort of?', 'how great?') or compare ('such as'); STEPBible tags it as either. Context decides which.

reflexive pronoun F

A reflexive pronoun: 'myself', 'yourself', 'himself', 'themselves' – the action turns back on the subject.

possessive pronoun S

A possessive pronoun or adjective: 'my', 'your', 'our'. The code records whose it is (person and number of the owner) and, separately, the case, number and gender of the thing owned.

adverb ADV

An adverb: describes how, when, where or how much ('so', 'now', 'here', 'greatly'). It does not change its ending.

conjunction CONJ

A conjunction: a joining word such as 'and', 'but', 'for', 'so that'. It does not change its ending.

conditional conjunction COND

A conditional conjunction: 'if' (or 'if ever', 'whenever'). In Greek the mood of the verb that follows (indicative or subjunctive) helps show what kind of 'if' it is; the word alone does not settle whether the condition is true.

preposition PREP

A preposition: a small word such as 'in', 'into', 'from', 'through', 'by', 'with'. Its exact sense depends partly on the case of the word after it, and often has more than one possible English rendering.

particle PRT

A particle: a short word that adds emphasis, contrast, negation or a question tone (e.g. 'not', 'indeed', 'then'). It does not change its ending.

interjection INJ

An interjection: an exclamation such as 'Look!', 'Behold!', 'Oh!', 'Woe!'.

Aramaic word written in Greek letters ARAM

A word from Aramaic written in Greek letters, usually explained in the text itself (e.g. 'Talitha koum').

Hebrew word written in Greek letters HEB

A word from Hebrew written in Greek letters (e.g. 'Hallelujah', 'Amen').

Extra labels

In context

“In this clause:” – links between words

An open word card can show one extra line linking the word to a neighbour in the same verse. These links come only from the word endings recorded in the data. A link is shown only when there is exactly one possible partner; when the data cannot prove it, nothing is shown. It is not a full analysis of the sentence.

Morphology codes: STEPBible TAGNT (Tyndale House, CC BY 4.0). Explanations: original BibleWordBridge text, fixed and reviewed (grammar_text/greek.json), following mainstream reference grammars. Example verses: BSB (public domain), checked against the word data when this page is built.

Grammar guide (Hebrew)

Every Hebrew word card shows one plain-English grammar line, e.g. qal (simple action) · perfect (completed action) · he / it. Prefixes (and, the, in, to, from, like) come first, pronoun endings (my, his, them) last. Tap “more about this form” for each part, with the Hebrew letters and the raw code to check.

DRAFT wording for review. These labels are STEPBible's tagging of each word (ETCBC morphology, CC BY 4.0). Some Hebrew forms could be read more than one way (especially without the vowel points); the label shows STEPBible's choice. Grammar narrows the meaning; it rarely settles a doctrine by itself.

'Perfect' and 'imperfect' are traditional names. With the special 'and' (waw-consecutive) they swap their usual time: the 'imperfect' story form is usually past, the 'perfect' form usually future or ongoing. So the line names the form and gives the usual English sense, not a rule.

How to read a code: HVqp3ms = Hebrew – Verb, qal stem, perfect, 3rd person masculine singular. HR/Ncmdc/Sp3ms = preposition + noun (common, masculine, dual, construct) + pronoun ending 3rd masculine singular (“in his nostrils”). Hc/Vqw3ms = waw-consecutive + verb. A leading A marks Aramaic.

Stems (kind of action)

Hebrew builds several verbs from one root by changing its pattern (stem, or binyan). The stem tells the kind of action: simple, done to the subject, intensive, causing, reflexive. The names (qal, niphal …) come from the pattern of a sample verb.

qal q

Qal is the basic, plain form of a Hebrew verb: simple action or state, active ('he wrote', 'it was good'). Most Hebrew verbs appear in qal more than in any other stem.

niphal N

Niphal usually turns the action back onto the subject: most often passive ('was written', 'was created'), sometimes reflexive ('hid himself') or 'mutual' ('fought each other'). The form allows passive or reflexive; context (and the verb) decides.

piel p

Piel is often called 'intensive', but it covers several things: doing an action thoroughly or repeatedly, or bringing about a state ('make holy', 'make great'). For some verbs it simply is the normal active meaning. The plain sense comes from the verb, not from the stem name alone.

pual P

Pual is the passive of piel: the subject has the piel action done to it ('was made holy', 'was praised').

hiphil h

Hiphil usually means causing someone or something to do or be the plain action: 'make to go up' = 'bring up', 'make to see' = 'show'. It can also mean declaring someone to be something ('declare right / innocent').

hophal H

Hophal is the passive of hiphil: the subject is caused to do or be something ('was brought', 'was made to lie down').

hithpael t

Hithpael usually describes action done to or for oneself (reflexive: 'consecrate yourselves'), with one another, or repeatedly / back and forth ('walk about'). Some verbs in hithpael are simply active ('pray').

nithpael D

Nithpael is a rare mix of niphal and hithpael: reflexive or passive. Only a handful of words in the Bible use it.

tiphil c

Tiphil is a rare causative-type stem; only a very few words in the Bible use it.

hothpaal u

Hothpaal is a rare passive form related to hithpael ('was counted / was registered').

hishtaphel v

Hishtaphel is a special stem used in the Bible for practically one verb: 'bow oneself down' (often translated 'worship' or 'bow down'). The stem itself means bowing oneself; what the bowing means comes from the passage.

Verb forms (completed, not completed, command …)

perfect p

The perfect (also called qatal or suffix form) presents an action as a complete whole. In English it is usually past ('he created'). With verbs of state or knowing it is often present ('I know', 'he is old'), and sometimes it is used for something so certain it is told as done. Context decides the English tense.

perfect with waw-consecutive q

A perfect joined to 'and' (ve-) in a special consecutive way (weqatal). It usually carries on from what came before: in instructions or promises 'and you shall …', 'and it will …'; in descriptions of habits 'and he would …'. The name 'perfect' is misleading here: these forms are usually NOT past. STEPBible's code letter marks this form.

imperfect i

The imperfect (also called yiqtol or prefix form) presents an action as not complete. In English it may be future ('he will go'), ongoing or habitual ('he goes', 'he used to go'), or possible / proper ('he may', 'he should'). It can also be a wish or a mild command. Context decides.

imperfect (Aramaic) n

Aramaic imperfect (prefix form): action not complete – future, ongoing, or possible / proper. STEPBible uses this code letter for Aramaic imperfects it reads as plain statements.

imperfect with waw-consecutive w

An imperfect joined to 'and' (va-) in a special consecutive way (wayyiqtol). This is the main verb form of Hebrew stories: 'and he said … and he saw … and he went …', one step after another, usually in the past. The name 'imperfect' is misleading here: these forms are usually past and complete. The 'and' is part of the form, so translations sometimes leave it out or use 'then', 'so', 'when'.

imperfect after "and" (not consecutive) u

An imperfect with a plain 'and' in front (weyiqtol), NOT the consecutive story form. It often expresses purpose or wish ('and let them …', 'so that they may …'), or simply future. Context decides.

jussive j

The jussive expresses a wish or a mild command, usually to or about a third person: 'let it be', 'may he …'. With the word 'al ('not') it is a ban: 'do not …'. In many verbs it looks the same as the imperfect, so STEPBible's tag reflects a reading of the context.

cohortative h

The cohortative is a first-person wish or resolve: 'let me …', 'let us …', 'I will …' (determined). It often has an extra -ah ending.

imperative v

The imperative is a direct command or request to 'you': 'go', 'listen', 'praise'. Hebrew uses it for prayers to God as well as for orders, so 'command' is the grammar, not the tone.

participle r

The active participle describes someone as doing the action: 'one who goes' / 'going'. It can work like a verb ('he is sitting'), like an adjective ('the living creature') or like a noun ('the shepherd', 'the creator'). It has no time of its own: past, present or future comes from context.

passive participle s

The passive participle describes someone or something as having the action done to it: 'written', 'blessed', 'cursed'. Like other participles it can work as a describing word or as a noun; time comes from context.

infinitive construct ic

The infinitive construct is a verbal noun: 'to go' / 'going'. It is very often joined to a preposition: with le- ('to') it usually means 'to …' or 'in order to …'; with be- or ke- ('in', 'like') it usually means 'when …' / 'while …'. A pronoun ending on it often tells who does the action ('when he went').

infinitive absolute ia

The infinitive absolute names the action by itself, without person or tense. Next to a verb from the same root it usually adds emphasis ('you will surely die', literally 'dying you will die'). It can also stand in for a command or a main verb. Context decides.

Person

1st person

1st person: the speaker – 'I' or 'we'.

2nd person

2nd person: the one spoken to – 'you'. Hebrew shows whether 'you' is one or many, and male or female.

3rd person

3rd person: someone or something spoken about – 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they'. Hebrew has no separate 'it': 'he' or 'she' is used, so 'he' may be 'it' in English.

Gender

masculine m

Masculine: a grammatical class. For people it usually matches 'male', but many things are masculine by grammar only, and masculine plurals often cover mixed groups ('sons' can mean 'children').

feminine f

Feminine: a grammatical class. For people it usually matches 'female'; for things it is grammar only (e.g. 'land', 'city' are feminine).

either gender b

STEPBible marks this word as used with either gender (masculine or feminine) – the form itself does not decide.

common (men or women) c

Common gender: the same form is used for men and women (e.g. 'I', 'we', and 'they' in the perfect).

Number

singular s

Singular: one.

plural p

Plural: more than one. Some Hebrew words are plural in form but singular in meaning (e.g. 'face', 'water', 'heavens', 'life'); a plural ending alone does not settle 'how many'.

dual d

Dual: a special ending for pairs, mainly for things that come in twos (hands, eyes, nostrils) and for some numbers ('two hundred'). English just uses a plural.

State (free-standing or “… of”)

absolute a

Absolute state: the ordinary, free-standing form of the word.

construct c

Construct state: the word is bound to the next word and usually means '… of': 'breath of life', 'house of David'. The construct word itself never takes 'the'; it counts as definite when the word after it is definite ('the house of the king'). A word with a pronoun ending is also in this bound form.

definite (Aramaic) d

Determined (emphatic) state: in Aramaic 'the' is shown by an ending (-a), not a separate word. So this word means 'the …'.

Prefixes joined to the front

Several little words are written joined to the front of the next word. The app reads which one it is from STEPBible’s word data (its own number for each prefix).

'and' (waw-consecutive) H9001

The prefix va- / ve- in its consecutive use: 'and' fused with the verb form that follows (see the verb's form). In stories it moves the narrative on: 'and then …'.

'and' H9002

The prefix ve- / u- ('and'). It can also mean 'but', 'so', 'then', 'or' – the English depends on context.

'in / with / by' H9003

The prefix be- / ba- ('in', 'with', 'by', 'at', 'among'). The English preposition depends on context.

'like / as' H9004

The prefix ke- / ka- ('like', 'as', 'about', 'according to').

'to / for' H9005

The prefix le- / la- ('to', 'for', 'belonging to', 'of'). Before an infinitive it usually means 'to …' / 'in order to …'. It also marks a possessor ('a psalm of / for / to David' – the preposition allows all three; context decides).

'from' H9006

The prefix mi- / me- (short for min, 'from', 'out of', 'some of', 'than'). After a describing word it often means 'more than'.

'that / who' (she-) H9007

The prefix she- ('that', 'who', 'which'), a short form of the relative word.

question marker (ha-) H9008

The question prefix ha-: it turns the sentence into a yes/no question. It has no English word of its own.

'the' H9009

The article ha- ('the'), joined to the front of the word.

'the' (Aramaic ending) H9010

The Aramaic ending -a that means 'the'.

Pronoun endings

possessive ending

A pronoun written as an ending: on a noun it means 'my', 'your', 'his' … ('my shepherd', 'his nostrils'). STEPBible's word data marks this ending as possessive.

object ending

A pronoun written as an ending: on a verb, the object ('he blessed them'); on a preposition or the object marker, the one it points to ('to him', 'from her', 'him'). STEPBible's word data marks this ending as an object pronoun.

subject ending

A pronoun written as an ending that STEPBible's word data marks as the subject (e.g. on 'behold' or 'there is': 'here I [am]', 'he is still …'; or on an infinitive: 'when he …').

On a participle a pronoun ending may be 'my / your …' (my shepherd) or the object (the one who blesses you). STEPBible's word data records which one it read; the form itself allows both.

On an infinitive a pronoun ending can be the subject ('when he went') or the object ('to keep it'). The form allows both; context decides – STEPBible's word data records its reading.

'toward' ending (-ah)

The direction ending -ah: 'toward', '…-ward' ('to the land', 'southward').

extra -ah ending

An extra -ah ending (paragogic he). It has no English word; on verbs it often adds a note of wish or resolve, otherwise it is a style or sound feature.

extra -n ending

An extra -n ending (paragogic nun) on a verb. It has no English word; it is an older or fuller spelling, sometimes adding weight.

Word types

noun Nc

A noun: a name for a person, place, thing or idea. Hebrew nouns show gender, number and state (free-standing or bound '… of'); 'the' and words like 'in', 'and' are often joined to the front.

nation / people name Ng

A gentilic noun: a word for someone from a people, tribe or place ('Hebrew', 'Moabite', 'Levite').

title Nt

A noun that STEPBible marks as a title (e.g. a royal or official title).

name (male) Np.m

A proper name of a man (or a male name used for a group or tribe). Names are given in transliteration; the spelling in the English Bible may differ.

name (female) Np.f

A proper name of a woman.

place name Np.l

A proper name of a place (town, land, river, mountain …).

name / title Np.t

A proper name that STEPBible classes as a 'title': it is used for the divine name and divine titles, and also for names of other gods. The word is shown exactly as in the source; BibleWordBridge never changes or brackets divine names. English Bibles render the divine name in different ways (often in capitals); see the translation itself.

adjective Aa

An adjective: a describing word ('good', 'great'). It agrees with its noun in gender and number, and usually comes after it. It can also stand alone as a noun ('the righteous').

number Ac

A cardinal number ('one', 'two', 'seven'). Hebrew numbers have their own rules of gender and order.

ordinal number Ao

An ordinal number: 'first', 'second', 'seventh' …

people / nation adjective Ag

An adjective formed from a people or place name ('Aramaic', 'Hebrew').

personal pronoun Pp

A separate personal pronoun: 'I', 'you', 'he', 'she', 'we', 'they'. Hebrew verbs already show the subject, so a separate pronoun often adds focus ('I myself') or marks a clause without a verb ('he [is] …').

question word Pi

A question pronoun: 'who?', 'what?'. It is also used in exclamations ('how …!').

demonstrative pronoun Pd

A demonstrative: 'this', 'that'.

relative pronoun Pr

A relative pronoun: 'who', 'which'.

indefinite pronoun Pf

An indefinite pronoun: 'anyone', 'whatever'.

verb V

A verb: a word for doing, happening or being. A Hebrew verb carries its stem (kind of action), its form (completed, not completed, command, participle, infinitive …) and usually its subject (person, gender, number).

preposition R

A preposition: a small word for relation ('in', 'to', 'from', 'on', 'with'). The common ones be- ('in'), le- ('to'), ke- ('like') and mi- ('from') are written joined to the next word; others stand alone.

conjunction C

The joining word we-/u- ('and'). It is very frequent and can also mean 'but', 'so', 'then', 'or' – the English depends on context.

adverb D

An adverb: a word that adds where, when or how ('there', 'now', 'also', 'again').

Aramaic article Ta

The Aramaic way of saying 'the': an ending (-a) on the noun rather than a separate word.

article Td

The Hebrew article ha- ('the'), written joined to the front of the word. Hebrew uses it more or less like English 'the', but also for address ('O king') and sometimes where English would say 'this'.

conditional / causal particle Tc

A small word that STEPBible groups as 'conditional': mainly ki ('for', 'because', 'that', 'when', 'indeed'), im ('if'), lema'an ('so that'), pen ('lest'). The English depends on context.

question marker Ti

A question marker (ha-, joined to the front of a word): it turns a statement into a yes/no question ('Am I …?', 'Is it …?'). It has no English word of its own.

interjection Tj

An interjection: words such as hinneh ('look!', 'behold', 'here is'), na' ('please', 'now'), 'alas'. They mark attention or feeling rather than content.

demonstrative Tm

A demonstrative: 'this', 'these', 'that'. It can point to something ('this day') or stand alone ('this is …').

negative Tn

A negative: lo' ('not', for statements and lasting bans), 'al ('do not', for wishes and immediate bans), 'ein ('there is no'), and similar.

object marker To

The object marker 'et (or 'ot- with a pronoun ending): it points to the definite direct object of the verb ('God created [et] the heavens'). It has no English word; with an ending it is simply 'him', 'them' etc.

relative Tr

The relative word 'asher (or she- joined to the front): 'who', 'which', 'that', 'where'. It links a description to a word already mentioned.

pronoun ending S

A pronoun written as an ending on the word.

Aramaic stems

This word is Aramaic (parts of Daniel, Ezra, Jeremiah 10:11, Genesis 31:47). Aramaic stems have their own names; the meanings are close to their Hebrew counterparts.

peal (Aramaic) q

Peal is the basic, plain form of an Aramaic verb (like Hebrew qal): simple action or state, active.

peil (Aramaic) Q

Peil is the simple passive in Aramaic: the plain action done to the subject ('was given', 'was written').

pael (Aramaic) p

Pael is the Aramaic counterpart of Hebrew piel: thorough or repeated action, or bringing about a state. For some verbs it is simply the normal active meaning.

passive of pael (Aramaic) P

A passive of the pael stem. STEPBible's own label for this code varies between 'pual' and 'hitpeel'; the letter code marks a passive of the intensive stem. Rare.

aphel (Aramaic) a

Aphel is an Aramaic causative stem (like Hebrew hiphil): causing someone to do or be the plain action.

haphel (Aramaic) h

Haphel is the older spelling of the Aramaic causative stem (like Hebrew hiphil): causing someone to do or be the plain action.

shaphel (Aramaic) e

Shaphel is a rarer Aramaic causative stem ('bring to completion', 'deliver').

hophal (Aramaic) H

Hophal in Aramaic is the passive of the causative: the subject is caused to do or be something.

hitpaal (Aramaic) M

Hitpaal is the reflexive or passive of pael: action done to oneself, or done to the subject.

hitpeel (Aramaic) i

Hitpeel is the reflexive or passive of peal: action done to oneself, or done to the subject ('was thrown', 'was found').

hitpaal, passive (Aramaic) u

A passive / reflexive of the intensive stem; STEPBible labels it 'hitpael' (passive). Used for 'be made', 'be found', 'be built' and similar.

ishtaphel (Aramaic) v

Ishtaphel is a rare Aramaic reflexive of a causative stem. Only a couple of words use it.

In context

These notes appear on a card only when the pattern is really there (checked mechanically from the word and its neighbour):

Qere / Ketiv and other text marks

Divine names and titles are shown exactly as in the source data; they are never changed or bracketed.

“In this clause:” – links between words

An open word card can show one extra line linking the word to a neighbour in the same verse. These links come only from the word endings recorded in the data. A link is shown only when there is exactly one possible partner; when the data cannot prove it, nothing is shown. It is not a full analysis of the sentence.

Morphology codes: STEPBible TAHOT (Tyndale House, CC BY 4.0; ETCBC morphology converted by Tyndale House). Explanations: original BibleWordBridge text, fixed and reviewed (grammar_text/hebrew.json, DRAFT), following mainstream reference grammars (e.g. Gesenius–Kautzsch–Cowley 1910, public domain). Example verses: BSB (public domain), checked against the word data when this page is built.